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''Tora! Tora! Tora!'' ((日本語:トラ・トラ・トラ)) is a 1970 American–Japanese war film that dramatizes the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The film was directed by Richard Fleischer and stars an ensemble cast, including Martin Balsam, Joseph Cotten, Sō Yamamura, E. G. Marshall, James Whitmore and Jason Robards. The title is the Japanese codeword used to indicate that complete surprise had been achieved. ''Tora'' (虎, ) literally means "tiger", but in this case was an acronym for ''totsugeki raigeki'' (突撃雷撃, "lightning attack").〔http://www.behindthename.com/submit/name/tora〕 ==Plot== In August 1939, the newly appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto (Sō Yamamura) and his predecessor, Zengo Yoshida (Junya Usami), discuss America's embargo that starves Japan of raw materials. While both agree that a war with the United States would be a complete disaster, army hotheads and politicians push through an alliance with Germany and Italy in September 1940 and start planning for war. With the U.S. Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Yamamoto orders the planning of a preventive strike, believing Japan's only hope is to annihilate the American Pacific fleet at the outset of hostilities. When planning the attack, the Japanese commanders modify their torpedoes to dive to only 35 ft, negating Pearl Harbor's shallow waters, which the Americans feel is a natural defense against torpedoes. In a major intelligence victory, American intelligence in Washington manages to break the Japanese ''Purple Code'', allowing the United States to intercept secret Japanese radio transmissions. Monitoring the transmissions are U.S. Army Col. Bratton (E. G. Marshall) and U.S. Navy Lt. Commander Kramer (Wesley Addy). Japanese commanders call on the famous Air Staff Officer Minoru Genda (Tatsuya Mihashi) to mastermind the attack. Genda's Japanese Naval Academy classmate, Mitsuo Fuchida (Takahiro Tamura), is chosen to be the leader of the attack.〔Shinsato and Urabe 2011, Chapters 19, 20.〕 At Pearl Harbor, although hampered by a late-arriving critical intelligence report about the attack fleet, Admiral Kimmel (Martin Balsam) and General Short (Jason Robards) do their best to enhance defenses. Short orders his aircraft to be concentrated in the middle of their airfields to prevent sabotage, though leaving them vulnerable to an air raid. Kimmel calls for more B-17 bombers to patrol offshore to provide early warning of any enemy vessels or airplanes, and increases patrols off the harbor entrance. Diplomatic tensions increase between the U.S. and Japan as the Japanese ambassador continues negotiations to avoid war. Army General Hideki Tojo (Asao Uchida) is adamantly opposed to any last minute attempts at peace. The Japanese commence a series of 14 radio messages from Tokyo to the Japanese embassy in Washington that will conclude with a declaration of war. The final message will be received precisely at 1:00 pm on December 7, 1941 after which the Japanese embassy is to destroy the code machines, an ominous point. Attempts to convey this message to American commanders fail because it is Sunday and they have the day off. Finally, Chief of Naval Operations Harold R. Stark (Edward Andrews) is informed of the increased threat, but decides not to inform Hawaii until after calling the President, although it is not clear if he takes any action at all. Finally, at 11:30 am, Colonel Bratton convinces the Army Chief of Staff, General George Marshall (Keith Andes), that a greater threat exists, and Marshall orders that Pearl Harbor be notified of an impending attack. An American destroyer, , spots a Japanese midget submarine trying to slip through the defensive net and enter Pearl Harbor, sinks it, and notifies the base. Although the receiving officer, Lieutenant Kaminsky (Neville Brand), takes the report of an attempted foreign incursion seriously, Captain John Earle (Richard Anderson) at Pearl Harbor demands confirmation before calling an alert. Admiral Kimmel later learns of this and is furious he was not told of this foreign action immediately. Meanwhile, the two privates posted at the remote radar station spot the incoming Japanese aircraft and inform the Hickham Field Information Center, but the Army Air Forces Lieutenant on duty, Kermit Tyler (Jerry Cox), dismisses the report, assuming it is a group of American B-17 Flying Fortresses inbound from the mainland. The Japanese intend to break off negotiations at 1:00 pm, 30 minutes before the attack. However, the typist for the Japanese ambassador is slow, and cannot translate and transcribe the 14th message quickly enough to meet the deadline. A final attempt to warn Pearl Harbor is stymied by poor atmospherics that prevent radio transmission, and bungling when a warning sent by telegram is not marked urgent; it will be received by Pearl Harbor after the attack. Apparently no one thought of contacting Hawaii via telephone. The incoming Japanese fighter pilots receive no anti-aircraft fire as they approach the base, encountering only a civilian biplane on their way in. As a result, strike commander Fuchida, riding in a Nakajima B5N "Kate," radios in the code phrase marking that complete surprise has been achieved: "Tora! Tora! Tora!" Once the attack begins, the Americans are not even aware that the planes overhead are not American until the first bomb drops. The resultant hasty response is desperate and only partially effective. General Short's anti-sabotage precautions prove a disastrous mistake that allows the Japanese aerial forces to destroy the U.S. aircraft on the ground with ease, thereby preventing an effective aerial counter-attack; most of the aircraft on the major airfields are destroyed either as they attempted to take off or while they were still parked. Two American fighter pilots (portrayals of Second Lieutenants Ken Taylor and George Welch) race to remote Haleiwa Field and manage to take off in their P-40s to engage the attacking aircraft, as the Japanese have not hit the satellite airfields. The damage to the naval base is catastrophic, with sailors fighting as long as they can before abandoning sinking ships and jumping into the water with oil burning on the surface, while sailors and Marines on Ford Island fight back as best they can with the few machine guns available. When the attacks are over, with the Pearl Harbor naval base in flames, Admiral Kimmel finally receives the Pentagon's telegram warning of impending danger. In Washington, the Secretary of State, Cordell Hull (George Macready), is stunned on learning of the attack and urgently requests confirmation of it before receiving the Japanese ambassador, who is waiting outside his office. The distraught Japanese ambassador (Shōgo Shimada), helpless to explain the late ultimatum and the unprovoked sneak attack, is bluntly rebuffed by Hull with the words, "In all my fifty years of public service, I have never seen a document so crowded with infamous falsehoods and distortions, on a scale so huge, that I never imagined until today that any government on this planet was capable of uttering them." The Japanese fleet commander, Admiral Chuichi Nagumo (Eijiro Tono), refuses to launch a third air strike out of fear of exposing his six carriers to the increased risk of detection and destruction by the still-unaccounted for U.S. carriers, especially as the element of surprise is gone. In Japan, Admiral Yamamoto laments the fact that the Americans did not receive the declaration of war until after the attack began, noting that nothing would infuriate the Americans more. He says: "I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tora! Tora! Tora!」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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